Lean about Photography and its Development

Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries . Long before the first photographs were made, Chinese philosopher Mo Ti described a pinhole camera in the 5th century, Albertus Magnus discovered silver nitrate and Georges Fabricius discovered silver chloride. Daniel Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1568. Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, described what can be interpreted as photography.

Photography as a usable process goes back to the 1820s with the development of chemical photography. The first fixed photograph was an image produced in 1825 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce. However, because his images took so long to expose, he sought to find a new process. Working with Louis Daguerre, they experimented with silver compounds based on a Johann Heinrich Schultz discovery in 1724 that a silver and chalk mixture darkens when exposed to light. Niépce died in 1833, but Daguerre continued the work, eventually culminating with the development of the daguerreotype in 1837. Daguerre took the original photo of a person in 1839 when, while taking a daguerreotype of a Paris street, a pedestrian stopped for a shoe shine, long enough to be captured by the long exposure (several minutes). Eventually, France agreed to pay Daguerre a pension for his formula, in exchange for his promise to announce his discovery to the world as the gift of France, which he did in 1839.

Meanwhile, Hercules Florence had already developed a very similar process in 1832, naming it Photographie and William Fox Talbot had earlier discovered another means to fix a silver process image but had kept it secret. After reading about Daguerre’s invention, Talbot refined his process so that portraits were made readily available to the masses. By 1840, Talbot had invented the calotype process, which produces negative images. John Herschel made many contributions to the new methods. He invented the cyanotype process, now familiar as the “blueprint”. He was the first to use the terms “photography”, “negative” and “positive”. He discovered sodium thiosulphate solution to be a solvent of silver halides in 1819, and informed Talbot and Daguerre of his discovery in 1839 that it could be used to “fix” pictures and make them permanent. He made the first glass negative in late 1839.

In March 1851, Frederick Scott Archer published his findings in “The Chemist” on the wet plate collodion process. This became the most widely used process between 1852 and the late 1880s when the dry plate was introduced. There are three subsets to the Collodion process; the Ambrotype (positive image on glass), the Ferrotype or Tintype (positive image on metal) and the negative which was printed on Albumen or Salt paper.

Many developments in photographic glass plates and printing were made in through the nineteenth century. In 1884, George Eastman developed the technology of film to replace photographic plates, leading to the technology used by film cameras today.

In 1908 Gabriel Lippmann won the Nobel Laureate in Physics for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference, also known as the Lippmann plate.

Processes

Monochrome Images

When photography all began the pictures were only black and white, but with the development of colour film professional photographer still preferred monochrome due to the cheaper cost and the look of the finished image.

It is important to note that some desaturated pictures are not always pure blacks and whites, but also contain other hues depending on the process. The Cyanotype process produces an image of blue and white for example. The albumen process which was used more than 150 years ago had brown tones.

Many photographers continue to produce some desaturated images. Some full colour digital images are processed using a variety of techniques to create black and whites, and some cameras have even been produced to exclusively shoot monochrome.

Colour

Colour photography was explored at the beginning in the mid 1800s. Early findings in colour could not fix the photograph and prevent the colour from fading. The first permanent colour photo was taken in 1861 by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell.

Early colour photographs were taken by Prokudin-Gorskii (1915). One of the early methods of taking colour photos was to use three cameras. Each camera would have a colour filter in front of the lens. This method provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a colour still in a darkroom or processing plant . Russian photographer Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii developed another technique, with three colour plates taken in quick succession.

A practical application of the technique was held back by the very limited colour response of early film, however, in the early 1900s, following the work of photo-chemists such as H. W. Vogel, emulsions with adequate sensitivity to green and red light at last became available.

The first colour plate, Autochrome, developed by the French Lumière brothers, reached the market in 1907. It was based on a ‘screen-plate’ filter made of dyed dots of potato starch, and was the only colour film on the market until German Agfa introduced the similar Agfacolor in 1932. In 1935, American Kodak introduced the first modern (‘integrated tri-pack’) colour film which was developed by Polish constructor Jan Szczepanik. It was Kodachrome, based on three coloured emulsions. This was followed in 1936 by Agfa’s Agfacolor Neue. Unlike the Kodachrome tri-pack process, the colour couplers in Agfacolor Neue were integral with the emulsion layers, which greatly simplified the film developing. Most new colour films, except Kodachrome, are based on the Agfacolor Neue technology. Instant colour film was introduced by Polaroid in 1963.

Colour photography may form images as a positive transparency, intended for use in a slide projector or as colour negatives intended for use in creating positive colour images on specially coated paper. The latter is now the most common form of film (non-digital) colour photography owing to the introduction of automated photo printing equipment.

Full spectrum photography ultraviolet and infrared

Ultraviolet and infrared films have been available for decades and employed in a variety of photographic avenues since the 1960s. New technological developments in digital photography have opened a new direction in full spectrum photography, where careful filtering choices across the ultraviolet, visible and infrared lead to new artistic visions.

Modified digital cameras can display some ultraviolet light and all of the visible and much of the near infrared spectrum. As most digital imaging sensors are sensitive from about 350 nm to 1000 nm. An off-the-shelf digital camera contains an infrared hot mirror filter that blocks most of the infrared and a bit of the ultraviolet that would otherwise be detected by the sensor, narrowing the accepted range from about 400 nm to 700 nm. Replacing a hot mirror or infrared blocking filter with an infrared pass or a wide spectrally transmitting filter allows the camera to detect the wider spectrum light at greater sensitivity. Missing the hot-mirror, the red, green and blue (or cyan, yellow and magenta) coloured micro-filters placed over the sensor elements pass varying amounts of ultraviolet (blue window) and infrared (primarily red, and somewhat lesser the green and blue micro-filters).

Uses of full spectrum photography are for fine art photography, geology, forensics and law enforcement and even some claimed use in ghost hunting.

Digital Photography

The Nikon D1 was the first DSLR to truly compete with and begin to replace, film cameras in the professional photojournalism and sports photography fields and was the start of something very new.

Traditional photography burdened the commercial photographer working at remote locations without easy access to processing facilities and competition from television pressured photographers to deliver images to newspapers with greater speed.

News photographers at remote locations often carried miniature photo labs and a means of transmitting images through telephone lines. In 1981, Sony unveiled the first public camera to use a charge-coupled device for imaging, eliminating the need for film: the Sony Mavica. While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television and the camera was not fully digital. In 1990, Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first commercially available digital camera. Although its high cost precluded uses other than photojournalism and professional photography, commercial digital photography was born.

Digital imaging uses an electronic image sensor to record the image as a set of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. The primary difference between digital and chemical photography is that chemical photography resists manipulation because it involves film and photographic paper, while digital imaging is a highly flexible medium. This difference allows for a degree of image post-processing that is comparatively difficult in film-based photography and permits different communicative potentials and applications.

Digital point-and-shoot cameras have become widespread family products, outselling film cameras and including new features such as video and audio recording. Kodak announced back in January 2004 that it would no longer sell reloadable 35 mm cameras in western Europe, Canada and the United States after the end of that year. Kodak was at that time a minor player in the reloadable film cameras market. In January 2006, Nikon followed suit and announced that they will stop the production of all but two models of their film cameras: the low-end Nikon FM10, and the high-end Nikon F6. On May 25, 2006, Canon announced they will stop developing new film SLR cameras. Though most new camera designs are now digital, a new 6x6cm/6x7cm medium format film camera was introduced in 2008 in a co-operation between Fuji and Voigtländer.

According to research made by Kodak in 2007, 75 percent of professional photographers say they will continue to use film, even though some embrace digital.

A survey held in the U.S. showed that over two thirds of the professional photographer group that compared film images to digital images liked the film results better for some circumstances which included:

• film’s superiority in capturing more information on medium and large format films (48 percent);
• creating a traditional photographic look (48 percent);
• capturing shadow and highlighting details (45 percent);the wide exposure latitude of film (42 percent); and
• archival storage. (38 percent)

Digital pictures has raised many ethical concerns because of the ease of manipulating digital photographs in post processing. Many snappers have declared they will not crop their pictures, or are forbidden from combining elements of multiple photos to make “illustrations,” passing them as real photographs. Today’s technology has made picture editing relatively simple for even the novice photographer. However, recent changes of in camera processing allows digital fingerprinting of RAW photos to verify against tampering of digital photos for forensics use.

Camera phones, combined with popular photo sharing web sites, have lead the way to a new kind of social photography. But that is a whole new article.

Author: Peter Davey MA DipM

Best Digital Camera

It seems that every month manufacturers are coming up with another new digital camera in their range to entice potential customers If it is your first camera then you probably won’t have a clue what to look for if you are searching for the best digital camera you can buy but there is help.

Eventually saving enough money to buy that eye-popping, 10 megapixel, 10x optical zoom with up to a sixteen gigabyte expandable memory using super hi-speed SD memory card and of course, very compact; which we hope be the envy of almost everyone we know.

Can you imagine your surprise when you find that the camera you have researched so diligently and have set your heart on has been usurped from its position of best model with a newer more expensive version.

We sigh because the manufacturer of this amazing gadget claims that this is the best digital camera yet out in the market. We should have known but because we must have the best digital camera then we will just have to swallow the extra cost.

Don’t worry though if you are not sure what to do; just follow the guide below and you shouldn’t go to far wrong. Much is made about the number of pixels and the truth is the more you have the better.

You normally find that the higher the number of pixels, referred to as megapixels, the camera has, the deeper the colors and clarity of the image will be which helps the final printed version. This increase in megapixels means that poster size pictures can be easily printed. Good quality models are now using large LCD screens around the 2. The best digital cameras are able to touch up and edit the images this is an excellent feature to have as standard.

So go for the biggest display you can but bear in mind that you would be advised to carry spare batteries as large screens drain the power faster.

Almost every digital camera has a digital zoom but it is the optical zoom that you need to try for if your budget will extend to it. Optical zooms are usually fitted on the more expensive cameras with a combination digital zoom.

Images on these cameras are stored on small storage cards that can have a huge memory capacity but be sure to buy the right type. A number of cards have been used over the years but the main ones are: the Secure Digital, Compact Flash, Sony’s Memory Stick and the newer XD cards.

As the large megapixel cameras use a large amount of memory then purchase the largest capacity card your camera can use within your budget. Now the cost for these larger capacity cards has dropped it is a good time to buy camera memory.

Remember, the camera must suit the type of person you are as much as your wallet as there is no point having the best digital camera if you do not use it. Ultimately, the camera you choose should be one that you will take with you everywhere and use all the time.

Tracking Down Old-fashioned Engagement Rings

When you are looking at the various engagement rings that you can buy you will need to see what type of ring design that you can buy. There are other types of beautifully made cheap engagement rings that you can look at. This type of cheap engagement ring is just as wonderful to wear as an expensive engagement ring that has a diamond or sapphire mounted on it. The discerning person will be able to see beautiful cheap engagement rings from all of the jewelry pieces that are available where fashion rings are sold.

There are many times that you will want to buy jewelry and various types of rings. You will be able to buy good quality cheep rings that could have a semi precious gemstone mounted on the ring. This is similar to purchase an engagement ring for a substantial discount. With cheap rings you can be sure that you will have a large selection of ring designs to choose from.

When you are buying a Sony plasma television though, you should know of what to look for. When you go a little more in-depth in this particular Sony plasma television you will find that it has a built-in progressive scanner, a memory function which can save up to twenty different picture signals, and the ability to have a computer input. And that was just for the 50C1 Sony plasma television.

There’s also the little matter of sound quality, the overall design of the whole unit, and the fact that it’s a Sony plasma television. This is like best. When you are planning on buying your plasma TV cheap you have the various features and price range that you are willing to spend already decided on.

You can find this plasma TV for about $1, 700 and upwards.In addition to finding plasma TV cheap models from well known companies you can also buy your plasma TV cheap brands from relatively unknown companies. This type of HDTV options and a price tag that is less than $2000 means that this is really a plasma TV cheap buy that you can look forward to getting.

When we are children we tend to dream about what we will do as adults. I am sure that very few of you ever dreamed of having a career in psychology. This study of human behavior and nature is conducted groups, communities, as single individuals and as organizations. The help that is given by these professionals can give a stable platform for many of these people to begin their lives.

The best way to accomplish having a foot into the doorway of psychology is to study the various courses that deal in the broad spectrum of psychology and have some fieldwork and work experience under your belt. One of the careers in psychology that you might find of interest is that of child psychology. A good child psychologist will be able to understand and treat the problem so that the child can begin to deal with it in a sensible way and find their balance. Of course this is not like psychology. There are many children who live happy carefree childhoods.

By working on having the child tell what is causing the problems a child psychologist can begin to understand how to recommend help and inform the parents of the action or inaction that they will have to take. With this information you will know what the best approach is for dealing with your young patients and understanding the difficulties that they are facing. To be a good child psychologist who will have your patients confiding in you, you will need to be very inviting and have a personality that says, trust me.

Yes, you can watch dvds on your iPod

If you’ve owned an iPod for very long, you have probably learned that you can’t watch dvds on it right out of the box. Apple doesn’t provide the software for this, so you need to get a dvd to iPod converter from a third party. There are several out there, but not all of them are worth the cost, or worth the hassle associated with some of the free software.

After testing several dvd to iPod software programs, it was clear that the Cucusoft Ultimate DVD Converter was the best bang for the buck. Not only does it allow you to watch your dvds on every iPod video player, it also converts dvds to the Microsoft Zune, the Apple iPhone, the Sony PSP, video capable mp3 players, and video capable mobile phones, and much more. There are dvd to iPod converters that only convert to iPod, but the Cucusoft Ultimate converter converts to most any player out there. Since most people own more than kind of player, it makes sense to get a converter that works with all of them instead of buying a separate converter for each, doesn’t it?

To convert dvds to iPod fast and without errors, Cucusoft worked best for me. It works with most every player out there, and is compatible with all versions of Windows. It does not work with Macs. You’ll have to get a different program specifically designed work with Macs. The software is very user friendly, and the new “1 Click Mode” makes it so simple, anyone can use it. And, unlike most other similar software programs, you don’t have to convert to avi first. Cucusoft converts dvds directly into iPod format.

lcdtvs for Cheap

You can find great LCD televisions now through all sorts of different makers like Sony, Mitsubishi and Toshiba. There are so many brand name manufacturers and some cheesy makers that sell them as well. Each of these manufacturers have several different lines that they also offer. Trying to find out which is the best for the price can be time consuming.

Cheap LCDTVs

My mantra has always been that the most important thing you can do before buying a piece of entertainment equipment like an LCD TV is to do your homework. With so much information available today, you should be able to study up and make a pretty informed decision about what you want.

There is a better way to look at the purchase of a television if price is truly an issue for you. You’re certainly not alone if that’s the case. I usually is for me and my family as well. If you’re on the purchasing path of cheap lcdtvs, Here’s an option you may not have thought of. Have you ever thought of an auction? You know, name the price and get a real deal. Well, you might say, I’ve tried those more popular auction sites and it’s so difficult to really get a deal anymore. You might think you got the highest bid but somebody using a sniping program sneaks in there and steals it. Those big name auction houses have become so difficult to use in my opinion.

There is a better option if you want cheap lcdtvs. Look at www.auctions4acause.com . They have great stuff for less money than you would ever think. You don’t have to compete with fancy software and it is very upfront and straight forward. Give it a go. You might end up with multiple items you could buy for less than $40.

Duplicating Gigantic Sony Plasma TVs

You’re looking at buying televisions and you’ve got your eye on a Sony plasma television. Certainly the first thing that you went for, is the look of the television and the size of it, but there are also other things that you should ideally check out before laying down any amount of cold hard cash – even if it is in the form of your credit card.

These are all possible with many a sony plasma tv. When you go a little more in-depth in this particular Sony plasma television you will find that it has a built-in progressive scanner, a memory function which can save up to twenty different picture signals, and the ability to have a computer input. And that was just for the 50C1 Sony plasma television.

Our view is that a hardwood floor is most desirable for the dining room. A good natural floor is an investment that that will last for years.

Bamboo is really a kind of grass which is grown sustainably all over China and Southeast Asia. Installation again is by floating the floor – glueing the planks together and ensuring a firm join by using a floor clamp. Any type of hardwood floors can be scratched, but scratches are pretty easy to repair. However, always bear in mind that the wider the width, the more the tendency for the floor to shrink and gap, or expand and buckle.

Clean floors are impressive when comparing blonde brazilian cherry flooring. Whether it’s oak, maple or cherry with the finishes available, you are sure to find a color that delights your soul. This type of flooring is very forgiving when it comes to surface wear and minor damage. In a damp environment wood will absorb moisture and this causes it to expand.

Price is not always a good determining factor when trying to buy a quality product. But, what exactly are laminates as used in laminate flooring? Originally developed in Europe, laminates are made of a high-density fiberboard core covered with a visible, outer layer that simulates wood, stone or tile. Originating as a company making lacquered boards for the shipbuilding industry, Alloc started production of high pressure laminate flooring in 1992.

Media & Journalism

Digital Camera Buying Guide

Looking to purchase your first or next point and shoot digital camera? The top makers of digital cameras are engineering and creating products with better picture quality and are loaded with features that users find more convenient than ever.

Face detection is an innovative technology on a few digital cameras. The Cyber-Shot DSC-W300 is a digital camera manufactured by Sony under the Cyber-shot line which includes this handy feature. Digital cameras with this feature are able to recognize faces in a scene then automatically adjusts the focus, exposure, white balance and flash to uncover faces hidden in shadows, turn skin tones to a more natural look, reduce or eliminate red-eye and remove harsh facial glare which means the photos you take will show every expression on every face in every shot you take.

Another feature many newer digital cameras include is image stabilization. Many more moments can be captured due to this now essential feature. Image stabilization compensates for the average user’s shaky hands the can blur and ruin those memorable moments. Image stabilization uses a built-in gyro sensor to detect camera movement and delivers signals that stabilize the lens. Image stabilization is available in the Sony Cybershot DSC-W300.

You can’t always tell the subject of your picture to move themselves into a better position so you can get a good shot based on the lighting conditions. With Intelligent Scene Recognition available in the DSC-W300 you select the mode such as Backlight, Backlight & Portrait, Twilight, Twilight & Portrait, Twilight with Tripod and Portrait, and the camera will adjust itself to produce the best possible picture under the lighting restrictions.

More picture taking opportunities are available when a digital camera has sufficient optical zoom. Digital cameras these days offer 3x to 10x zoom and even more. The Sony Camera DSC-W300 comes with a 5x optical zoom lens that captures outdoor subjects or scenes from far away with high quality detail.